Iron is an essential trace element involved in oxygen transport, mitochondrial energy production, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and host immune defense. Although physiologically necessary, excessive iron, whether acute or chronic, induces tissue injury and systemic toxicity, collectively called iron overload and toxicity VSports手机版. Iron overload denotes a chronic pathological state characterized by iron accumulation in parenchymal tissues, typically resulting from genetic mutations such as hereditary hemochromatosis or secondary causes that include repeated transfusions, chronic hemolysis, and excessive dietary intake. Excess iron deposits in the liver, heart, and endocrine organs, where it promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, cellular damage, and progressive organ dysfunction. .

Iron toxicity refers primarily to acute ingestion of pharmacologic or supplemental iron in toxic quantities. Pediatric patients frequently experience unintentional overdose following access to iron-containing multivitamins or prenatal supplements, particularly in children younger than 6 years, among whom iron ingestion is a leading cause of fatal poisoning. In adults, severe toxicity often follows intentional overdose. Additionally, gradual toxic accumulation can occur in patients receiving chronic transfusions for thalassemia, sickle cell disease, or hematologic malignancies. Recognition of the distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical implications of iron overload and toxicity is essential for timely diagnosis, effective intervention, and reduction of iron-related morbidity and mortality. V体育安卓版.