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. 2025 Sep 26;25(1):1154.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11350-2.

Exploring the incidence potential of phenol-soluble modulins among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Lahore, Pakistan

Sourat Mudassar  1 , Abida Bano  1 , Farah Asghar  1 , Fadia Waheed  1 , Numan Javed  2
Affiliations

Exploring the incidence potential of phenol-soluble modulins among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Lahore, Pakistan

"VSports在线直播" Sourat Mudassar et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major clinical and epidemiological problem over the past few decades. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns, incidence potential of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) genes and explored the associations between miscellaneous clinical specimens of MRSA and the incidence of virulent PSMs genes VSports手机版. .

Methods: This investigation employed a total of sixty MRSA strains isolated from clinical specimens such as pus aspirates, wound swabs, ear swabs, tissue swabs, blood, and urine. Antibiotic profiling was performed via Kirby-Bauer (KB) disk diffusion method. Genetic analysis was performed for detection of S. aureus-specific 16SrRNA gene, methicillin-resistant mecA and its homologue mecC gene and the virulent determinant PSMs genes psm-α, psm-β, and psm-mec along with agr operon gene via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pearson's Chi-square (χ2) analysis test was used to determine the associations between various clinical specimens and the incidence of PSMs genes, with a significance threshold set at p < 0 V体育安卓版. 05. .

Results: Most of MRSA isolates were obtained from pus samples. The incidence of MRSA was more pronounced in males. Notably, the highest percentage of MRSA isolates was isolated from patients aged 21-40 years. Of all isolates (100%) harboured the 16SrRNA and mecA gene, whereas none of those isolates (0%) had the mecC gene. The resistance profiles of MRSA isolates obtained from various clinical specimens were not significantly different (p > 0. 05). Furthermore, vancomycin and linezolid were still effective for treating MRSA infections V体育ios版. Those 60 strains had 56/60 (93. 4%) psm-α, 54/60 (90%) psm-β, 55/60 (91. 6%) psm-mec and (48/60) 80% agr genes. A strong association was detected between the psm-β gene and MRSA strains obtained from pus samples (p = 0. 01), as was the case for the psm-mec gene and MRSA strains obtained from pus samples (p = 0. 03). .

Conclusion: The well-informed decisions could be made on the prescription of the best antibiotic therapy, the implementation of efficient control measures, and the development of anti-virulence strategies to stop the dissemination of MRSA in hospitals and clinical settings VSports最新版本. The virulence factors PSMs may be considered as potential candidates for treating virulent MRSA infections in patients through anti-virulence strategies. .

Keywords: MecA; MecC; Antibiotic resistance; MRSA; Phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) genes; Virulence determinant V体育平台登录. .

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics and Biosafety Committee (IREBC) of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Letter no. 197/20-2-23). This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional research ethics and biosafety committee. All enrolled participants provided written informed consent before sample collection for this institutionally approved cross-sectional study. All the data analysed during this study were kept confidential and anonymous. Consent for publication: This section was not applicable VSports注册入口. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Antibiotic resistance profile of MRSA strains isolated from different clinical samples (pus, blood, tissue, wound, ear and urine samples)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Molecular characterization of genes of MRSA strains isolated from different clinical specimens
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Gel electrophoresis results depicting the amplicons of the agr genes of S. aureus isolates obtained from clinical specimens via singleplex PCR. PCR amplification of agr genes (1070 bp) from 20 samples in 3 to 22 wells (7, 8, 10, 11, 13) were agr positive samples and remaining samples were negative having no agr gene) and a standard 1 kb DNA ladder in the first well and 24 well and a positive control and negative control in 2nd and 23rd well is displayed. *PC = Positive control *NC = Negative control
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Gel electrophoresis results illustrating the amplicons of the psm-α, psm-β, and psm-mec genes of MRSA isolates obtained from clinical specimens via singleplex PCR. In panel (4a) PCR amplification of psm-α genes (176 bp) from 14 samples is displayed (in 2 to 15 wells) along with a standard 50 bp DNA ladder in the first well, and a positive control in 16th well. Panel (4b) shows PCR amplification of psm-β genes (238 bp) from 14 samples (in 2 to 15 wells) along with a standard 50 bp ladder in the first well, and a positive control in 16th well. Panel (4c) shows the PCR-amplified product of the psm-mec gene (69 bp) from 14 samples (in 2 to 15 wells) along with a standard 50 bp DNA ladder in the first well, and a positive control in the 16th well. *Bands below 69 bp represents primer dimers *PC = Positive control
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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