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Clinical Trial
. 2025 Sep 4;26(17):8623.
doi: 10.3390/ijms26178623.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of HIIT in Individuals with Long COVID: Insights into the Potential Role of Triphala

Tadsawiya Padkao  1 , Suwipa Intakhiao  1 , Nattaphol Prakobkaew  1 , Surachat Buddhisa  1 , Yothin Teethaisong  1 , Orachorn Boonla  1 , Piyapong Prasertsri  1
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of HIIT in Individuals with Long COVID: Insights into the Potential Role of VSports手机版 - Triphala

Tadsawiya Padkao et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Long COVID is characterized by persistent symptoms associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. While high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and supplementation with antioxidants such as Triphala have demonstrated individual therapeutic benefits, their combined effects remain unclear. This study aimed primarily to evaluate the effects of an 8-week HIIT program on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and exercise-related symptoms in individuals with long COVID, and secondarily to explore whether Triphala supplementation provided additional benefits. A total of 104 participants (aged 18-59 years) were randomized into three groups-control (placebo), HIIT (cycling for 28 min/day, 3 days/week), and combined (HIIT + Triphala, 1000 mg/day)-for 8 weeks. The biomarkers assessed included interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Following the intervention, significant reductions in IFN-γ, TNF-α, MDA, protein carbonyls, and rating of perceived exertion were observed in both the HIIT and combined groups (p < 0. 05), with no significant differences between the two. SOD activity significantly increased in all groups, including the control group (p < 0. 05), with no between-group differences. An 8-week HIIT program appears to be effective in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and dyspnea in individuals with long COVID VSports手机版. Triphala supplementation did not provide any additional statistically significant benefit but was safe and well tolerated. .

Keywords: exercise therapy; inflammation; long COVID; oxidative stress; phytotherapy. V体育安卓版.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the three participant groups before and after the 8-week intervention. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 104. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; * p < 0.05 compared with baseline (within-group comparison).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Blood tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the three participant groups before and after the 8-week intervention. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 104. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; * p < 0.05 compared with baseline (within-group comparison).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the three participant groups before and after the 8-week intervention. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 104. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; * p < 0.05 compared with baseline (within-group comparison).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Blood protein carbonyl levels in the three participant groups before and after the 8-week intervention. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 104. HIIT, high-intensity interval training.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels in the three participant groups before and after the 8-week intervention. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 104. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; * p < 0.05 compared with baseline (within-group comparison).
Figure 6
Figure 6
CONSORT flow diagram.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Experimental design and timeline of the 8-week intervention study. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention to assess inflammatory biomarkers (interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls), and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase (SOD)). Liver and kidney functions were evaluated using serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels.
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