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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Sep 10;12(1):e002722.
doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2024-002722.

"V体育2025版" Virtual reality in adults with respiratory diseases experiencing dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Johan Wormser  1   2 , Christophe Romanet  1 , Marine Cachanado  3 , Maëlle Youinou  3 , Gilles Chatellier  3 , Irene Torres Sánchez  4 , François Philippart  1   5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Virtual reality in adults with respiratory diseases experiencing dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Johan Wormser et al. BMJ Open Respir Res. .

Abstract

Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate virtual reality's effects in dyspnoea's management. VSports手机版.

Methods: Information sources: Trials were identified through a systematic search carried out on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL until 17 March 2025. V体育安卓版.

Eligibility criteria: Eligible studies were controlled trials including adults with dyspnoea associated with respiratory diseases, for whom virtual reality was implemented and compared with another intervention V体育ios版. Risk of bias: Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the ROB 2 tool. .

Synthesis of results: The primary outcome was dyspnoea. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and muscle function. Effect size was expressed using standardised mean difference (SMD) or MD for primary and secondary outcomes, respectively (random-effects model). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to judge the certainty of evidence. VSports最新版本.

Results: Included studies: 13 studies were selected, including 483 adults and using non-immersive tools (n=7) or immersive tools (n=6). Risk of bias in these studies was low (n=1), some concerns (n=8) and high risk (n=4). V体育平台登录.

Synthesis of results: No difference was found in dyspnoea (8 studies, 224 participants; SMD 0. 02, 95% CI -0. 82 to 0. 86, I2=88. 2%), exercise capacity (5 studies, 183 participants; MD 3. 62, 95% CI -19. 39 to 26. 63, I2=39. 8%) and in HRQOL (4 studies, 127 participants; MD -11 VSports注册入口. 81, 95% CI -42. 95 to 19. 33, I2=98. 9%). The data available were insufficient to conduct a pooled analysis for muscle function. .

Conclusions: Limitations of evidence: The evidence is very uncertain about virtual reality's effects on dyspnoea due to risk of bias, imprecision and heterogeneity V体育官网入口. .

Interpretation: Further studies are needed and should explore various aspects of the application of immersive virtual reality. VSports在线直播.

Prospero registration number: CRD42023443280.

Keywords: COVID-19; Exercise; Perception of Asthma/Breathlessness; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

"V体育官网入口" Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; VR, virtual reality.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Summary of risk of bias 2. (A) Outcomes on dyspnoea. (B) Outcomes on exercise capacity. (C) Outcomes on HRQOL. *For Stavrou 2023: In bias arising from domain S (Bias arising from period and carryover effects), some concerns were identified. Risk-of-bias plots were created using the Robvis tool (McGuinness, LA, Higgins, JPT. Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Syn Meth. 2020; 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1411). HRQOL, Health-related quality of life.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Meta-analysis of comparative effects between VR and control group on dyspnoea. (A) All studies, (B) Forest plots of subgroup analyses: single session versus multiple sessions. SMD, standardised mean difference; VR, virtual reality.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Meta-analysis of comparative effects between VR and control group on exercise capacity and HRQOL (A) Exercise capacity, (B) HRQOL. HRQOL, health-related quality of life; MD, mean difference; VR, virtual reality.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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