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Review
. 2020 Dec 18:10:598817.
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.598817. eCollection 2020.

Long Non-Coding RNAs: The Regulatory Mechanisms, Research Strategies, and Future Directions in Cancers

Na Gao  1 , Yueheng Li  1 , Jing Li  1 , Zhengfan Gao  1 , Zhenzhen Yang  1   2 , Yong Li  1   3 , Hongtao Liu  4 , Tianli Fan  1
Affiliations
Review

Long Non-Coding RNAs: The Regulatory Mechanisms, Research Strategies, and Future Directions in Cancers

"VSports app下载" Na Gao et al. Front Oncol. .

Abstract

The development and application of whole genome sequencing technology has greatly broadened our horizons on the capabilities of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs are more than 200 nucleotides in length and lack protein-coding potential. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs exert an irreplaceable role in tumor initiation, progression, as well as metastasis, and are novel molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Furthermore, lncRNAs and the pathways they influence might represent promising therapeutic targets for a number of tumors. Here, we discuss the recent advances in understanding of the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs VSports手机版. We focused on the signal, decoy, guide, and scaffold functions of lncRNAs at the epigenetic, transcription, and post-transcription levels in cancer cells. Additionally, we summarize the research strategies used to investigate the roles of lncRNAs in tumors, including lncRNAs screening, lncRNAs characteristic analyses, functional studies, and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs. This review will provide a short but comprehensive description of the lncRNA functions in tumor development and progression, thus accelerating the clinical implementation of lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. .

Keywords: cancer; long non-coding RNA; mechanism of action; research strategies; therapeutic targets V体育安卓版. .

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures (V体育平台登录)

Figure 1
Figure 1
The modes of action of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumors. (A) LncRNAs as signal molecules can be used alone or combined with some proteins(such as transcription factors) to mediate the transcription of downstream genes; (B) LncRNAs as decoy molecules bind to some functional protein molecules to block the protein molecules from regulating DNA and mRNA molecules or bind to miRNA molecules competitively with mRNA molecules to block the inhibitory effect of miRNA on mRNA molecules; (C) LncRNAs as guide molecules carries some functional protein molecules and locates them in the target area to perform functions; (D) LncRNAs as a scaffold molecule guide related different types of macromolecular complexes to assemble in the target area to work together.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) function at three levels. In the nucleus, lncRNAs control the epigenetic state of genes, participate in transcriptional regulation and are involved in the process of pre-mRNA alternative splicing. In the cytoplasm, lncRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional regulation such as the mRNAs stability, mRNAs translation, protein stability and “ceRNA” network.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The Research Strategies of Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Tumors. In order to study lncRNAs, high-throughput sequencing technology or high-throughput data in the database are usually used to screen out candidate lncRNAs, while qRTPCR and Northern/blot technologies are used for verification; then RACE and FISH technologies are used to determine the full length and location of lncRNAs; the functional research of lncRNAs is usually verified from in vitro experiments including cell proliferation, cloning, invasion and apoptosis, and in vivo experiments mainly including tumor-bearing experiments in nude mice; the research on the mechanism of lncRNAs is usually carried out at the epigenetic level, transcription level and post-transcriptional level according to their cellular location.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Tumor cells can deliver long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) through exosomes. In cancer, donor cells can deliver exosomes-encapsulated lncRNAs to recipient cells so that lncRNAs function in recipient cells.
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