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Review
. 2019 Dec 6;11(12):2990.
doi: 10.3390/nu11122990.

The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses

Urszula Radzikowska  1   2   3 , Arturo O Rinaldi  1   2 , Zeynep Çelebi Sözener  1   4 , Dilara Karaguzel  5 , Marzena Wojcik  6 , Katarzyna Cypryk  7 , Mübeccel Akdis  1 , Cezmi A Akdis  1   2 , Milena Sokolowska  1   2
Affiliations
Review

The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses

"V体育ios版" Urszula Radzikowska et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) are essential sources of energy and fundamental structural components of cells. They also play important roles in the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Saturated and unsaturated FAs influence the effector and regulatory functions of innate and adaptive immune cells by changing membrane composition and fluidity and by acting through specific receptors. Impaired balance of saturated/unsaturated FAs, as well as n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs has significant consequences on immune system homeostasis, contributing to the development of many allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we discuss up-to-date knowledge and the clinical relevance of the influence of dietary FAs on the biology, homeostasis, and functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, T cells and B cells. Additionally, we review the effects of dietary FAs on the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes. VSports手机版.

Keywords: B cell; T cell; allergy; asthma; autoimmune disease; diabetes; epithelium; innate lymphoid cell; macrophage; neutrophil. V体育安卓版.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Classification, chemical structure, and primary dietary sources of fatty acids (FAs). The figure includes only dietary FAs discussed in this paper. For full classification of FAs, see [13]. For details, see the text.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Protective effects of dietary fatty acids on the epithelium. For details, see the text. ↓—downregulation or decrease; ↑—upregulation or increase; TJ—Tight Junction; PRR—Pattern Recognition Receptor; n-3 PUFA—n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid; EC—Epithelial Cell; ILC—Innate Immune Cell
Figure 3
Figure 3
Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of dietary fatty acids on macrophages. For details, see the text. ⊥—inhibition; ↑—activation; PUFAs—Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SFAs—Saturated Fatty Acids; NLRP3—NOD-like Receptor Protein 3; IL-1β—Interleukin-1 Beta; PGE2—Prostaglandin E2; GPR120—G-protein Coupled Receptor 120; TLR4—Toll-like Receptor 4; TNF-α—Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha; IL-6—Interleukin-6; IL-10—Interleukin-10.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of dietary fatty acids on dendritic cells and dendritic cell-mediated T cell responses. For details, see the text. ⊥—inhibition; ↑—activation; PUFAs—Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SFAs—Saturated Fatty Acids; IL-10—Interleukin-10; IL-1β—Interleukin-1 beta; IFN-γ—Interferon-Gamma; IL-2—Interleukin-2; IL-12p70—Interleukin-12p70; IL-6—Interleukin-6: TNF-α—Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha; Th17—Type 17 T Helper Cells; Th1—Type 1 T Helper Cells; HLA-DR—Human Leukocyte Antigen DR Isotype; CD40—Cluster of Differentiation 40.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of dietary fatty acids on neutrophils. For details, see the text. ⊥—inhibition; ↑—activation; PUFAs—Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SFAs—Saturated Fatty Acids; 18-HEPE—18-Hydroxyeisostatetraenoic Acid; Rve1—Resolvin E1; IL-1β—Interleukin-1 Beta; TNF-α—Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha; CXCL3—Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 3; NETs—Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of dietary fatty acids on T cells. For details, see the text. ⊥—inhibition; ↑—activation; PUFAs—Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SFAs—Saturated Fatty Acids; Th1—Type 1 T Helper Cells; Th17—Type 17 T Helper Cells; Treg—T Regulatory Cells; IL-1β—Interleukin-1 Beta; IFN-γ—Interferon-Gamma; IL-17—Interleukin-17; IL-6—Interleukin-6; IL-2—Interleukin-2; IL-2R—Interleukin-2 Receptor; CXCR3—Chemokine Receptor CXCR3.
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