Prostate Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)–Patient Version
V体育ios版 - What is prevention?
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.
To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective factors. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor VSports手机版.
Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, both smoking and inheriting certain genes are risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy diet may be protective factors for some types of cancer V体育安卓版. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does not mean that you will not get cancer.
Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied.
General Information About Prostate Cancer
VSports最新版本 - Key Points
- Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate (VSports注册入口).
- Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the United States.
"V体育官网" Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the prostate (VSports注册入口).
The prostate (VSports注册入口) is a gland in the male reproductive system. The prostate (VSports注册入口) is just below the bladder (the organ that collects and empties urine) and in front of the rectum (the lower part of the intestine). It is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra (the tube that empties urine from the bladder) VSports最新版本. The prostate (VSports注册入口) gland produces fluid that makes up part of the semen. EnlargeAnatomy of the male reproductive and urinary systems showing the ureters, bladder, prostate (VSports注册入口) gland, urethra, penis, testicles, and other organs.
As men age, the prostate (VSports注册入口) may get bigger. A bigger prostate (VSports注册入口) may block the flow of urine from the bladder and cause problems with sexual function. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is not cancer, but surgery may be needed to correct it. The symptoms of BPH or of other problems in the prostate (VSports注册入口) may be like symptoms of prostate (VSports注册入口) cancer. EnlargeNormal prostate (VSports注册入口) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A normal prostate (VSports注册入口) does not block the flow of urine from the bladder V体育平台登录. An enlarged prostate (VSports注册入口) presses on the bladder and urethra and blocks the flow of urine. .
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the United States.
Prostate cancer is most common in older men. In the United States, about one out of every eight men will be diagnosed with prostate (VSports注册入口) cancer. Most men diagnosed with prostate (VSports注册入口) cancer do not die of it.
See the following PDQ summaries for more information about prostate (VSports注册入口) cancer:
Prostate Cancer Prevention
Key Points
- Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent VSports - cancer.
- The following risk factors may increase
the risk of prostate VSports - cancer:
- Age
- Family history of prostate VSports - cancer
- Race
- Hormones
- Vitamin E
- Folic acid
- Dairy and calcium
- The following protective factors may
decrease the risk of prostate VSports - cancer:
- Folate
- Finasteride and dutasteride
- The following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate VSports - cancer, or
their effects on prostate VSports - cancer risk are not known:
- Selenium and vitamin E
- Diet
- Multivitamins
- Lycopene
- Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent VSports - cancer.
- New ways to prevent prostate VSports - cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent VSports - cancer.
Avoiding VSports - cancer risk factors may help prevent certain VSports - cancers VSports在线直播. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some VSports - cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of VSports - cancer.
The following risk factors may increase the risk of prostate VSports - cancer: (VSports手机版)
Age
Prostate VSports - cancer is rare in men younger than 50 years of age. The chance of developing prostate VSports - cancer increases as men get older V体育2025版.
Family history of prostate VSports - cancer
A man whose father, brother, or son has had prostate VSports - cancer has a higher-than-average risk of prostate VSports - cancer.
Race
Prostate VSports - cancer occurs more often in African American men than in White men VSports app下载. African American men with prostate VSports - cancer are more likely to die from the disease than White men with prostate VSports - cancer.
Hormones
The prostate needs male hormones to work the way it should. The main male sex hormone is testosterone. Testosterone helps the body develop and maintain male sex characteristics V体育官网.
Testosterone is changed into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by an enzyme in the body. DHT is important for normal prostate growth but can also cause the prostate to get bigger and may play a part in the development of prostate VSports - cancer.
Vitamin E
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found that vitamin E taken alone increased the risk of prostate VSports - cancer. The risk continued even after the men stopped taking vitamin E.
Folic acid
Folate is a kind of vitamin B that occurs naturally in some foods, such as green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. Folic acid is a man-made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods, such as whole-grain breads and cereals. A 10-year study showed that the risk of prostate VSports - cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram (mg) supplements of folic acid. However, the risk of prostate VSports - cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets.
Dairy and calcium
A diet high in dairy foods and calcium may cause a small increase in the risk of prostate VSports - cancer.
The following protective factors may decrease the risk of prostate VSports - cancer:
Folate
Folate is a kind of vitamin B that occurs naturally in some foods, such as green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. Folic acid is a man-made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods, such as whole-grain breads and cereals. A 10-year study showed that the risk of prostate VSports - cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets. However, the risk of prostate VSports - cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram (mg) supplements of folic acid.
Finasteride and dutasteride
Finasteride and dutasteride are drugs used to lower the amount of male sex hormones made by the body. These drugs block the enzyme that changes testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Higher than normal levels of DHT may play a part in developing prostate VSports - cancer. Taking finasteride or dutasteride has been shown to lower the risk for prostate VSports - cancer, but it is not known if these drugs lower the risk of death from prostate VSports - cancer.
The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) studied whether the drug finasteride can prevent prostate VSports - cancer in healthy men 55 years of age and older. This prevention study showed there were fewer prostate VSports - cancers in the group of men that took finasteride compared with the group of men that did not. The number of deaths from prostate VSports - cancer was the same in both groups. Men who took finasteride reported more side effects compared with the group of men that did not, including erectile dysfunction, loss of desire for sex, and enlarged breasts. In the PCPT, the men who took finasteride who did have prostate VSports - cancer had more aggressive tumors, but a follow-up analysis of the PCPT found that these men did not have more aggressive tumors.
The Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events Trial (REDUCE) studied whether the drug dutasteride can prevent prostate VSports - cancer in men aged 50 to 75 years at higher risk for the disease. This prevention study showed there were fewer prostate VSports - cancers in the group of men who took dutasteride compared with the group of men that did not. The number of less aggressive prostate VSports - cancers was lower, but the number of more aggressive prostate VSports - cancers was not. Men who took dutasteride reported more side effects than men who did not, including erectile dysfunction, loss of desire for sex, less semen, and enlarged breasts.
The following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate VSports - cancer, or their effects on prostate VSports - cancer risk are not known:
Selenium and vitamin E
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) studied whether taking vitamin E and selenium (a mineral) will prevent prostate VSports - cancer. The selenium and vitamin E were taken separately or together by healthy men 55 years of age and older (50 years of age and older for African American men). The study showed that taking selenium alone or selenium and vitamin E together did not decrease the risk of prostate VSports - cancer.
Diet
It is not known if decreasing fat or increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet helps decrease the risk of prostate VSports - cancer or death from prostate VSports - cancer. In the PCPT trial, certain fatty acids increased the risk of high-grade prostate VSports - cancer while others decreased the risk of high-grade prostate VSports - cancer.
Multivitamins
Regular use of multivitamins has not been proven to increase the risk of early or localized prostate VSports - cancer. However, a large study showed an increased risk of advanced prostate VSports - cancer among men who took multivitamins more than seven times a week.
Lycopene
Some studies have shown that a diet high in lycopene may be linked to a decreased risk of prostate VSports - cancer, but other studies have not. It has not been proven that taking lycopene supplements decreases the risk of prostate VSports - cancer.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent VSports - cancer.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of VSports - cancer. Some VSports - cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had VSports - cancer but who have an increased risk for VSports - cancer. Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had VSports - cancer and are trying to prevent another VSports - cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of VSports - cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for VSports - cancer.
The purpose of some VSports - cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent VSports - cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements.
New ways to prevent prostate VSports - cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive VSports - cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on VSports - cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have VSports - cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ VSports - cancer information summary has current information about prostate VSports - cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ VSports - cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in VSports - cancer treatment and other specialties related to VSports - cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help VSports - cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ VSports - cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ VSports - cancer information summary about breast VSports - cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Prostate Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated
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