We have determined the levels of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase under different metabolic situations to examine its potential role as a regulatory protein in the ketogenic pathway. We used specific antibodies directed against a peptide of the amino acid sequence of the protein as deduced from the cDNA sequence VSports手机版. The amount of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase protein rapidly increased in response to cyclic AMP, dexamethasone, starvation, fat feeding, and diabetes, whereas it was decreased by insulin and refeeding. Insulin was also able to counteract the increase in mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase levels observed under the diabetic condition. Furthermore, the finding that quantitative changes in HMG-CoA synthase protein were less marked than those in the corresponding mRNA in starved and diabetic rats suggests either translational control or increased degradation of either mRNA or protein. All these results indicate that mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase is a regulatory element in the ketogenic process. .