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. 2021 Sep 1:12:706135.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706135. eCollection 2021.

Probiotics Modulate Mouse Gut Microbiota and Influence Intestinal Immune and Serotonergic Gene Expression in a Site-Specific Fashion (VSports最新版本)

Valentina Taverniti  1 , Valentina Cesari  2 , Giorgio Gargari  1 , Umberto Rossi  1 , Cristina Biddau  1 , Cristina Lecchi  3 , Walter Fiore  4 , Stefania Arioli  1 , Ivan Toschi  2 , Simone Guglielmetti  1
Affiliations

Probiotics Modulate Mouse Gut Microbiota and Influence Intestinal Immune and Serotonergic Gene Expression in a Site-Specific Fashion

"V体育平台登录" Valentina Taverniti et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract (VSports在线直播)

Probiotic microorganisms may benefit the host by influencing diverse physiological processes, whose nature and underlying mechanisms are still largely unexplored. Animal models are a unique tool to understand the complexity of the interactions between probiotic microorganisms, the intestinal microbiota, and the host. In this regard, in this pilot study, we compared the effects of 5-day administration of three different probiotic bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb23sg, Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DG) on three distinct murine intestinal sites (ileum, cecum, and colon) VSports手机版. All probiotics preferentially colonized the cecum and colon. In addition, probiotics reduced in the ileum and increased in the cecum and colon the relative abundance of numerous bacterial taxonomic units. MIMBb23sg and DG increased the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ileum, which is involved in epithelial homeostasis. In addition, MIMBb23sg upregulated cytokine IL-10 in the ileum and downregulated the cyclooxygenase COX-2 in the colon, suggesting an anti-inflammatory/regulatory activity. MIMBb23sg significantly affected the expression of the main gene involved in serotonin synthesis (TPH1) and the gene coding for the serotonin reuptake protein (SERT) in the ileum and colon, suggesting a potential propulsive effect toward the distal part of the gut, whereas the impact of MIMLh5 and DG on serotonergic genes suggested an effect toward motility control. The three probiotics decreased the expression of the permeability marker zonulin in gut distal sites. This preliminary in vivo study demonstrated the safety of the tested probiotic strains and their common ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota. The probiotics affected host gene expression in a strain-specific manner. Notably, the observed effects in the gut were site dependent. This study provides a rationale for investigating the effects of probiotics on the serotonergic system, which is a topic still widely unexplored. .

Keywords: IL-10; S24-7; SERT; bifidobacteria; in vivo; tryptophan hydroxylase; zonulin. V体育安卓版.

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Conflict of interest statement

SG was consultant of Sofar S. p. A. , the private company that commercializes strains L. paracasei DG and B. bifidum MIMBb23g. WF was an employee of Sofar S. p. A. SG and VT received royalties from the sale of the strain B. bifidum MIMBb23sg VSports最新版本. SG and VT received royalties from the sale of the strain L. helveticus MIMLh5. The remanining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Bacterial quantification by qPCR in mouse intestinal sites. (A) qPCR experiments performed with the respective strain-specific primers. (B) qPCR experiments performed with pan-bacterial primers. PBS, control mice gavaged with phosphate buffered saline; 23sg, mice gavaged with B. bifidum MIMBb23sg; Lh5, mice gavaged with L. helveticus MIMLh5; DG, mice gavaged with L. paracasei DG. n.d., target not detected with any of the strain-specific primer pairs. Statistics is according to Mann-Whitney U-test; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; n.s., not significant.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Inter sample (β-) diversity of the microbiota in mouse intestinal sites shown as principal coordinates analysis of generalized UniFrac distances (α = 0.5) based on OTU abundances. Every symbol in the graphs refers to a single mouse. The first two coordinates (PC1 and PC2) are displayed with the percentage of explained variance in brackets. The analysis was performed with sample considered all together (A) or separated by intestinal site (B).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Differences in microbiota composition between PBS-treated mice and the three groups of mice gavaged with a probiotic strain in the different intestinal sites. Each symbol (circle or triangle) refers to a single OTU. Symbols’ color indicates OTU’s phylum, as described in the legend. OTUs with a significantly different abundance between groups (i.e., padj < 0.05) are indicated with circles.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Heatmaps summarizing the results of gene expression analysis performed by RT-qPCR to identify genes whose expression was significantly modulated by the treatment with probiotic strains compared to the control condition (gavage with PBS). The fold of induction (FOI) for each gene is displayed as color ranging from blue to red as shown in the key. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences according to Mann-Whitney U-test; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Bi-plot of the principal components analysis (PCA) showing the loading of gene expression data (arrows) and the scores of each mouse (symbols).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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