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. 2014 Mar 6;40(5):74-82.
doi: 10.14745/ccdr.v40i05a01.

Environmental risk from Lyme disease in central and eastern Canada: a summary of recent surveillance information (VSports手机版)

N H Ogden  1 , J K Koffi  1 , Y Pelcat  2 , L R Lindsay  2
Affiliations

Environmental risk from Lyme disease in central and eastern Canada: a summary of recent surveillance information

N H Ogden et al. Can Commun Dis Rep. .

Abstract (V体育安卓版)

Background: Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the temperate world. It is emerging in central and eastern Canada due to spread of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis into and within Canada to form new areas of environmental risk known as Lyme disease-endemic areas. Identifying the geographic location of Lyme disease-endemic areas is important to identify the population at risk, target interventions, and inform the clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease patients VSports手机版. .

Objective: To provide an up-to-date picture of current and emerging areas of Lyme disease risk in eastern and central Canada by summarizing recent information on Lyme disease-endemic areas, and surveillance for I. scapularis ticks V体育安卓版. .

Methods: Data on locations where I. scapularis have been found in field surveillance studies by a range of federal and provincial organizations were collated and mapped to obtain a fuller picture of the occurrence of I. scapularis in Canada. The geographic locations of ticks submitted in passive tick surveillance were mapped for comparison. V体育ios版.

Results: The number of confirmed Lyme disease-endemic areas in southern Manitoba, southern and eastern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New Brunswick and in some locations in Nova Scotia increased from 10 in 2009 to 22 confirmed endemic areas in 2012. The collated field surveillance data indicated that I VSports最新版本. scapularis tick populations and Lyme disease risk are more geographically widespread than known Lyme disease-endemic areas and that the pattern of emergence of tick populations varies among provinces. There was a tenfold increase in the numbers of I. scapularis reported for passive surveillance from 2 059 submissions from 1990 to 2003 to 25 738 submissions from 2004 to 2012. .

Conclusions: The increasing numbers of Lyme disease-endemic areas, the much wider distribution of tick populations identified by field surveillance, as well as the marked increase in numbers of ticks identified through passive surveillance suggest that the geographic scope of environmental risk of acquiring Lyme disease is expanding in central and eastern Canada, although here it still remains mostly limited to the southern parts of five provinces V体育平台登录. .

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VSports注册入口 - Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The number of cases of Lyme disease reported in Canada from 1994 to 2012* *Numbers of cases before 2009, when Lyme disease became nationally notifiable in Canada, are estimates based on information from provincial public health organizations (10).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The distribution of known (red triangles) and suspect (blue circles) Lyme disease-endemic areas in Canada
Figure 3
Figure 3
Results of field surveillance activities for blacklegged ticks in Canada from 2008 to 2012* *Sites where at least one I. scapularis tick was found are indicated by filled circles. Sites where I. scapularis were not found are indicated by crosses.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The proportion of sites visited in field surveillance, in different regions of Canada, at which I. scapularis ticks were found* *The regions were Manitoba south of Winnipeg and northwestern Ontario (S MB & NW ON), Manitoba north of Winnipeg (N MB), Golden Horseshoe and Bruce Peninsula regions of Ontario (ON GH & B), eastern Ontario (E ON), southern Quebec (S QC), and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (NB & NS). The error bars show exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the proportion.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The probable locations where I. scapularis ticks submitted from 2004 to 2012 in passive surveillance (acquired via domestic animal and human patients of participating veterinary and medical clinics)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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