Background: The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence that protein intake is regulated more strongly than energy intake VSports手机版. .

Objective: The objective was to determine ad libitum energy intake, body weight changes, appetite profile, and nitrogen balance in response to 3 diets with different protein-to-carbohydrate + fat ratios over 12 consecutive days, with beef as a source of protein V体育安卓版. .

Design: A 3-arm, 12-d randomized crossover study was performed in 30 men and 28 women [mean ± SD age: 33 ± 16 y; body mass index (in kg/m²): 24 V体育ios版. 4 ± 4. 0] with the use of diets containing 5%, 15%, and 30% of energy (En%) from protein, predominantly from beef. .

Results: Energy intake was significantly lower in the 30En%-protein condition (8. 73 ± 1. 93 MJ/d) than in the 5En%-protein (9. 48 ± 1. 67 MJ/d) and 15En%-protein (9. 30 ± 1. 62 MJ/d) conditions (P = 0. 001), stemming largely from lower energy intake during meals (P = 0. 001). Hunger (P = 0. 001) and desire to eat (P = 0. 001) ratings were higher and fullness ratings were lower (P = 0. 001) in the 5En%-protein condition than in the 15En%-protein and 30En%-protein conditions. Nitrogen excretion was lower in the 5En%-protein condition (4. 7 ± 1. 5 g/24 h; P = 0. 001) and was higher in the 30En%-protein condition (15. 3 ± 8. 7 g/24 h; P = 0. 001) compared with the 15En%-protein condition (10 VSports最新版本. 0 ± 5. 2 g/24 h). Nitrogen balance was maintained in the 5En%-protein condition and was positive in the 15En%- and 30En%-protein conditions (P = 0. 001). .

Conclusions: Complete protein leverage did not occur because subjects did not consume to a common protein amount at the expense of energy balance. Individuals did underconsume relative to energy requirements from high-protein diets. The lack of support for protein leverage effects on a low-protein diet may stem from the fact that protein intake was sufficient to maintain nitrogen balance over the 12-d trial. V体育平台登录.