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. 2013 Oct 17;5(1):237-47.
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.049. Epub 2013 Oct 10.

VSports - The 5S RNP couples p53 homeostasis to ribosome biogenesis and nucleolar stress

Katherine E Sloan  1 , Markus T Bohnsack, Nicholas J Watkins
Affiliations

The 5S RNP couples p53 homeostasis to ribosome biogenesis and nucleolar stress

Katherine E Sloan et al. Cell Rep. .

Abstract

Several proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors regulate the production of ribosomes. Ribosome biogenesis is a major consumer of cellular energy, and defects result in p53 activation via repression of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) homolog by the ribosomal proteins RPL5 and RPL11. Here, we report that RPL5 and RPL11 regulate p53 from the context of a ribosomal subcomplex, the 5S ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP). We provide evidence that the third component of this complex, the 5S rRNA, is critical for p53 regulation. In addition, we show that the 5S RNP is essential for the activation of p53 by p14(ARF), a protein that is activated by oncogene overexpression. Our data show that the abundance of the 5S RNP, and therefore p53 levels, is determined by factors regulating 5S complex formation and ribosome integration, including the tumor suppressor PICT1. The 5S RNP therefore emerges as the critical coordinator of signaling pathways that couple cell proliferation with ribosome production VSports手机版. .

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Figures

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Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
The 5S RNP Complex Is Required for p53 Induction through Direct Interaction with MDM2 in Response to Ribotoxic Stress (A) The level of newly synthesized 5S rRNA in cells transfected with control siRNAs or those targeting TFIIIA or the 5S rRNA itself was determined by pulse-labeling followed by gel electrophoresis. Quantification is based on three independent experiments. Error bars indicate SD. (B) U2OS cells were transfected with siRNAs against the core 5S RNP components and either untreated (−) or treated (+) with ActD for 10 hr. p53 levels were analyzed by western blotting. Quantification is based on three independent experiments. Error bars indicate SD. (C) Anti-FLAG immunoprecipitations of extracts from HEK293 cells expressing FLAG-MDM2, -MDM2C305F, or the FLAG-tag. Coprecipitated 5S and 5.8S rRNAs were detected by northern blotting. IgG, immunoglobulin G. (D) Cells expressing FLAG-tagged proteins were UV crosslinked, and covalently linked RNA protein complexes were purified. Coprecipitated 5S and 5.8S rRNAs were detected by northern blotting. See also Tables S1, S2, and S3 and Figure S1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A 5S RNP Complex Containing 5S rRNA, RPL5, and RPL11 Only Accumulates in the Nucleoplasm when Ribosome Production Is Inhibited (A) Extracts from HEK293 cells either treated (+) or untreated (−) with ActD were analyzed by glycerol gradient centrifugation followed by western and northern blotting. Antibodies or probes used are indicated to the left of each panel. (B) Levels of 5S and 5.8S rRNAs in free (pooled fractions 1–7) and ribosomal (pooled fractions 9–20) complexes in various cell lines were analyzed by northern blotting. Primary, primary dermal fibroblasts. (C) RNA from HeLa cell nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected using ethidium bromide staining. (D) The localization of newly synthesized FLAG-RPL5 or -RPL11 in HEK293 stable cell lines was determined by immunofluorescence. Cells were grown in the presence (ActD) or absence (control) of ActD, and antibodies against the FLAG-tag (red/greyscale) and fibrillarin (green; nucleolar marker) were used. Nuclear material was detected by DAPI staining (blue). The scale bar represents 1 μm. See also Tables S2 and S3 and Figure S2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Putative 5S RNP Biogenesis Factors Are Required for Large Ribosomal Subunit Production and Their Depletion Activates p53 (A) Outline of the major pre-rRNA processing pathway in humans. (B and C) HEK293 cells depleted of 5S RNP components or putative 5S biogenesis factors by RNAi, or treated with chemotherapeutics (ActD and 5FU), were pulse-labeled using 32P orthophosphate. Labeled RNA was analyzed by agarose/acrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by phosphorimager analysis. Total RNA was visualized using ethidium bromide staining. (D) Magnification of the pre-5S rRNA in cells depleted of RPL5 from (B). (E) p53 levels in U2OS cells depleted of ribosome biogenesis factors were determined by western blotting. The antibodies used are indicated to the left of the panels. See also Tables S1 and S3 and Figure S3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The Biogenesis Factors RRS1 and BXDC1 Are Required for Nucleolar Localization of the 5S RNP Inducible HEK293 FLAG-RPL5 or FLAG-RPL11 cells were grown on coverslips and depleted of various 5S/ribosome biogenesis factors using RNAi. For the final 12 hr of the knockdown, tagged protein expression was induced and cells were fixed. Immunofluorescence was performed using antibodies to detect the FLAG-tag (red/greyscale) and fibrillarin (green). Nuclear material was visualized by DAPI staining (blue). The scale bar represents 1 μm. See also Table S1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The Tumor Suppressor PICT1 Directly Contacts the 5S rRNA and Mediates 5S RNP Integration into the Ribosome (A) HEK293 cells were pulse-labeled using 32P orthophosphate then grown in unlabeled media for 1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 hr before harvesting. Whole cell extracts were separated by glycerol gradient centrifugation. RNA from each fraction was extracted and analyzed by agarose-glyoxal and acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and labeled RNA was visualized using a phosphorimager. (Upper panel: 1 hr; middle panel: 6 hr; lower panel: 6 hr). (B) Levels of 5S and 28S rRNAs in free (pooled fractions 1–7) and ribosomal (pooled fractions 9–20) complexes were quantified at each time point. (C) HEK293 cells transfected with siRNAs targeting various 5S/ribosome biogenesis factors or treated with chemotherapeutic chemicals were analyzed as in (A) using a 6 hr chase (upper panel). The proportion of 5S rRNA in ribosomal complexes (pooled fractions 9–20) was calculated from at least three experiments (including that shown) and is given graphically (lower panel). Error bars indicate SD. Dashed line represents a baseline (ActD treatment) to which other data can be compared. (D) HEK293 cells expressing FLAG-tagged 5S biogenesis factors were UV crosslinked, and covalently bound RNA-protein complexes were purified. Copurified 5S and 5.8S rRNAs were analyzed by northern blotting. See also Tables S1 and S2 and Figure S4.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The 5S RNP Complex Is Required for p14ARF-Mediated Activation of p53 (A) U2OS cells stably transfected with a plasmid expressing p14ARF were untreated (−) or treated (+) with IPTG for 12 hr and then analyzed by western blotting. (B) Expression of p14ARF was induced (+) or not (−) in cells transfected with siRNAs targeting 5S RNP components. Levels of p53 in three replicate experiments were analyzed by western blotting and quantified. Error bars indicate SD. (C) The relative difference between p53 induction in response to p14ARF overexpression in cells transfected with control siRNAs and those targeting 5S RNP components was calculated based on the data shown in (B). Error bars indicate SD. (D) Control U2OS cells or those expressing p14ARF (as in [A]) were pulse-labeled using 32P orthophosphate. RNA was analyzed by polyacrylamide and agarose-glyoxal gel electrophoresis and visualized using a phosphorimager. See also Tables S1 and S3.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The 5S RNP Regulates p53 Homeostasis and Its Activation in Response to Nucleolar and p14ARF Overexpression Schematic overview showing the central role of the 5S RNP in coupling the pathway of ribosome biogenesis to cellular proliferation.
Figure S1
Figure S1
Analysis of the 5S RNP and Its Association with MDM2, Related to Figure 1 (A) Cells transfected with either control siRNAs or those targeting RPL5, RPL11 or TFIIIA were harvested 60 hr after transfection and proteins were analyzed by western blotting using antibodies raised against the targeted protein and either CSL4 or XRN2 as loading controls. (B) HEK293 cells stably transfected with plasmids enabling expression of FLAG-tagged RPL5, RPL11, MDM2 or MDM2C305F were induced (+) with 1 μg/ml tetracycline or left uninduced (-) for 48 hr before harvesting. Proteins were analyzed by western blotting using the antibodies indicated. (C) Immunoprecipitation, using an antibody that recognizes endogenous MDM2, was performed on extracts from U2OS cells either untreated (control) or treated with ActD. Co-precipitated RNAs were extracted and analyzed by northern blotting using a probe hybridizing to the 5S rRNA.
Figure S2
Figure S2
Characterization of the 5S RNP, Related to Figure 2 (A) Extracts from HEK293 cells either treated with ActD or untreated (control) were analyzed by glycerol gradient centrifugation followed by western blotting using the antibodies indicated to the left of each panel. ∗ denotes non-specific proteins that cross-react with anti-PICT1 and anti-RBM28 antibodies. Arrowhead indicates specific PICT1 signal. (B) Expression of FLAG-RPL5, FLAG-RPL11 or FLAG-MDM2 was induced in HEK293 stable cell lines by addition of 1 μg/ml tetracycline for 48 hr. Cells were harvested and extracts were separated by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Proteins were analyzed by western blotting using an anti-FLAG antibody. (C) HEK293 cells stably expressing FLAG-RPL5 and FLAG-RPL11, induced for 48 hr, were treated with ActD for 10 hr. Whole cell extracts were prepared, separated by glycerol gradient centrifugation and fractions 1-7 containing free complexes were pooled. The pooled fractions were analyzed by immunoprecipitation using an anti-FLAG antibody. RNA was extracted and analyzed by northern blotting using a probe against the 5S rRNA.
Figure S3
Figure S3
Depletion of Large Ribosomal Subunit Biogenesis Factors Causes Pre-rRNA Processing Defects and Activates p53 through the 5S RNP/MDM2 Pathway, Related to Figure 3 (A) HEK293 cells were transfected with either control siRNAs or those targeting LSU/5S biogenesis factors. Cells were harvested 60 hr after transfection and proteins were analyzed by western blotting using antibodies raised against the targeted protein and either CSL4 or XRN2 as loading controls. ∗ indicates non-specific protein detected by anti-PICT1 antibody while PICT1 is marked with arrowhead. (B) U2OS cells were transfected with either control siRNAs or those targeting RPL5 or RPL11, individually or in combination with those to deplete PICT1. 60 hr after the knockdown, cells were harvested and proteins analyzed by western blotting using antibodies to detect p53, the p53-activated protein, p21, or XRN2, as a loading control.
Figure S4
Figure S4
Factors Required for Integration of the 5S RNP into the Ribosome, Related to Figure 5 (A) HEK293 cells were pulse-labeled with 32P orthophosphate and then grown in normal media and harvested at various time points during a 12 hr period. Whole cell extracts were prepared and separated by glycerol gradient centrifugation. RNA was extracted and analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide and agarose-glyoxal gel electrophoresis. RNA was detected using a phosphorimager. (B) HEK293 cells were depleted of 5S biogenesis factors or treated with chemotherapeutic chemicals and then pulse-labeled using 32P orthophosphate. Cells were then grown in unlabeled media for 6 hr before harvesting. Complexes were separated by glycerol gradient centrifugation as in (A) and fractions 1-7 and fractions 9-20, which contain the free and ribosomal complexes, respectively, were pooled. RNAs were analyzed on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel and labeled RNAs were detected using a phosphorimager. ∗ denotes a labeled RNA (probably U1 snRNA) of the same size as 5.8S rRNA that is present in non-ribosomal fractions. Note that this RNA is not affected by ActD treatment confirming that it is not 5.8S rRNA. Furthermore, 5.8S rRNA is not found outside ribosomal complexes and not detected in these fractions by northern blotting (Figure S1A). (C) HEK293 cells stably transfected with plasmids to enable expression of FLAG-tagged 5S biogenesis factors were untreated (-) or treated with 1 μg/ml tetracycline (+) to induce tagged protein expression. Protein samples were analyzed by western blotting using both an anti-FLAG antibody and as a loading control, anti-CSL4.
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