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. 2010 Sep 7;153(5):289-98.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003.

Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies

Teresa T Fung  1 , Rob M van Dam, Susan E Hankinson, Meir Stampfer, Walter C Willett, Frank B Hu
Affiliations

Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies

Teresa T Fung et al. Ann Intern Med. .

Abstract

Background: Data on the long-term association between low-carbohydrate diets and mortality are sparse VSports手机版. .

Objective: To examine the association of low-carbohydrate diets with mortality during 26 years of follow-up in women and 20 years in men V体育安卓版. .

Design: Prospective cohort study of women and men who were followed from 1980 (women) or 1986 (men) until 2006 V体育ios版. Low-carbohydrate diets, either animal-based (emphasizing animal sources of fat and protein) or vegetable-based (emphasizing vegetable sources of fat and protein), were computed from several validated food-frequency questionnaires assessed during follow-up. .

Setting: Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study VSports最新版本. .

Participants: 85 168 women (aged 34 to 59 years at baseline) and 44 548 men (aged 40 to 75 years at baseline) without heart disease, cancer, or diabetes V体育平台登录. .

Measurements: Investigators documented 12 555 deaths (2458 cardiovascular-related and 5780 cancer-related) in women and 8678 deaths (2746 cardiovascular-related and 2960 cancer-related) in men. VSports注册入口.

Results: The overall low-carbohydrate score was associated with a modest increase in overall mortality in a pooled analysis (hazard ratio [HR] comparing extreme deciles, 1. 12 [95% CI, 1. 01 to 1. 24]; P for trend = 0. 136). The animal low-carbohydrate score was associated with higher all-cause mortality (pooled HR comparing extreme deciles, 1. 23 [CI, 1. 11 to 1. 37]; P for trend = 0. 051), cardiovascular mortality (corresponding HR, 1. 14 [CI, 1. 01 to 1. 29]; P for trend = 0. 029), and cancer mortality (corresponding HR, 1. 28 [CI, 1. 02 to 1. 60]; P for trend = 0. 089). In contrast, a higher vegetable low-carbohydrate score was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0. 80 [CI, 0. 75 to 0. 85]; P for trend V体育官网入口. .

Limitations: Diet and lifestyle characteristics were assessed with some degree of error. Sensitivity analyses indicated that results were probably not substantively affected by residual confounding or an unmeasured confounder VSports在线直播. Participants were not a representative sample of the U. S. population. .

Conclusion: A low-carbohydrate diet based on animal sources was associated with higher all-cause mortality in both men and women, whereas a vegetable-based low-carbohydrate diet was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates.

Primary funding source: National Institutes of Health.

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Figures

Figure 1a
Figure 1a
Timeline for Nurses' Health Study
Figure 1b
Figure 1b
Timeline for Health Professionals' Follow-up Study
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

  • Animal, vegetable, or ... clinical trial?
    Yancy WS Jr, Maciejewski ML, Schulman KA. Yancy WS Jr, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Sep 7;153(5):337-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00009. Ann Intern Med. 2010. PMID: 20820043 No abstract available.

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    1. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;328:2082–2090. - PubMed (VSports手机版)
    1. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360:859–873. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007;297:969–977. - PubMed (VSports)

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