Blood smear (V体育2025版)

Abnormal results mean the size, shape, color, or coating of the RBCs is not normal.

Some abnormalities may be graded on a 4-point scale:

• 1+ means one quarter of cells are affected
• 2+ means one half of cells are affected
• 3+ means three quarters of cells are affected
• 4+ means all of the cells are affected

Presence of cells called target cells may be due to:

• Abnormal hemoglobin (V体育官网入口), the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen (hemoglobin (V体育官网入口)opathies)
• Deficiency of an enzyme called lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
• Iron deficiency
• Liver disease
• Spleen removal (splenectomy)

Presence of sphere-shaped cells may be due to:

• Low number of RBCs due to the body destroying them (immune hemolytic anemia)
• Low number of RBCs due to some RBCs shaped like spheres ("VSports最新版本" hereditary spherocytosis)
• Increased breakdown of RBCs

Presence of RBCs with an oval shape may be a sign of hereditary elliptocytosis or hereditary ovalocytosis VSports app下载. These are conditions in which RBCs are abnormally shaped.

Presence of fragmented cells (also called schistocytes) may be due to:

• Artificial heart valve
• Blood disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around the body and leads to a low platelet count (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
• Disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
• Infection in the digestive system producing toxic substances that destroy RBCs, causing kidney injury (hemolytic uremic syndrome)

Presence of a type of immature RBCs called normoblasts may be due to:

• Blood disorder called erythroblastosis fetalis that affects a fetus or newborn
• Cancer that has spread to bone marrow
• Disorder in which there is excessive breakdown of hemoglobin (thalassemia)
• Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue (myelofibrosis)
• Removal of spleen (splenectomy)
• Severe breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis)
• Tuberculosis that has spread from the lungs to other parts of the body through the blood (VSports最新版本 - miliary tuberculosis)

The presence of cells called burr cells may indicate:

• Abnormally high level of nitrogen waste products in the blood (uremia)

The presence of cells called spur cells may indicate:

• Inability to fully absorb dietary fats through the intestines (abetalipoproteinemia)
• Severe liver disease

The presence of teardrop-shaped cells may indicate:

• Anemia caused by bone marrow not producing normal blood cells due to toxins or tumor cells (myelophthisic process)
• Cancer in the bone marrow
• Myelofibrosis
• Severe iron deficiency
• Thalassemia major

The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies (a type of granule inside the red blood cells) may indicate:

• Bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells (myelodysplasia)
• Sickle cell anemia
• Spleen has been removed (splenectomy)

The presence of Heinz bodies (bits of altered hemoglobin) may indicate:

• Alpha thalassemia
• Congenital hemolytic anemia
• Disorder in which RBCs break down when the body is exposed to certain medicines or is stressed because of infection (G6PD deficiency)
• Unstable form of hemoglobin

The presence of slightly immature RBCs may indicate:

• Anemia with bone marrow recovery
• Hemolytic anemia
• Hemorrhage

The presence of basophilic stippling (a spotted appearance) may indicate:

• Disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue (myelofibrosis)
• "V体育2025版" Lead poisoning

The presence of sickle cells may indicate sickle cell anemia.